Diagnosing Alcohol Use Disorder

Diagnosing Alcohol Use Disorder Addiction Alcohol Use Print Diagnosing Alcohol Use Disorder By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on July 26, 2019 Image Source/Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Do you want a drink so badly you cant think of anything else? Find out if you meet the latest criteria for an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Diagnosing AUD can be tricky since the diagnosis depends on the person doing the drinking being willing to honestly answer a series of questions about drinking patterns and attitudes. AUD is the medical term for alcohol abuse, like binge drinking, or it can be used to mean alcohol dependence, such as your body goes into withdrawal without alcohol. Alcohol dependence is alcoholism. Denial Makes Diagnosis More Difficult Getting an honest answer about alcohol use and its effects on your life can be a problem because a common symptom of alcoholism is denial. An old adage about alcoholism is its the only disease that denies it exists and resists treatment. If you cannot be honest about your drinking habits, it is difficult, if not impossible, to accurately diagnose an AUD.   A health care professional is unlikely to give an AUD diagnosis during routine visits because this condition is misdiagnosed more than 70 percent of the time. Sometimes it can be difficult to admit to a health professional about your drinking habits and patterns. There are many online alcohol screening tests you can take on your own if you are not ready to talk out loud about your drinking. Family and Friends See the Problem Long before a health care worker gives an AUD diagnosis, friends and family can usually recognize the problem. They may try to talk to you about the problem and encourage you to get help, but again, denial comes into play. Denial is so common in people with alcohol abuse problems that denial itself is a warning sign of alcoholism. A person who drinks a lot simply can not see or refuses to admit  that alcohol use is a problem. Diagnostic Tools for AUD There are many diagnostic tests health professionals use to screen for and evaluate drinking problems. To overcome denial, most health professionals do not ask direct questions about the number of drinks  but instead, ask questions about problems associated with drinking instead. Short, four-to-five question alcohol screening tests, such as the FAST test, are effective in the initial screening to detect AUD, while longer, more elaborate tests do a more in-depth evaluation and assessment. Alcohol Dependence Criteria According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, health professionals may give an AUD diagnosis if you meet two of 11 criteria within a 12-month period. Depending on the number of criteria you meet, your level of alcohol abuse or  alcohol dependence can be categorized as mild, moderate or severe. You drink more or longer than intendedYou want to stop or tried to modify your drinking habits more than once, but cannotYou spend a lot of your time drinking or being hungoverYou want a drink so badly that you can not concentrate on anything elseDrinking and being hungover has interfered with your responsibilities to your family, job, and homeYou continue to drink even though it causes trouble with family and friendsYou give up important and enjoyable activities in order to drinkYou get into situations after drinking, such as driving or walking in a high-crime neighborhood, which have increased your chances of injuring yourselfYou continue to drink even though it made you feel depressed, anxious, and/or blackoutYou need to drink more than you did before to get the same effectYou feel withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea and sweating?

The Ultimate College Dorm Checklist

If your student is heading to collegethis fall, they are going to need things to help make their space comfortable. But figuring out exactly what they will need isnt necessarily easy or intuitive. While every dorm room is different and each students needs may vary from their peers, certain items are almost universally required. With that in mind, here is a college dorm checklist to make the process easier.Contents1 College Dorm Checklist1.1 Dorm Room Bed1.1.1 Dorm Room Bed Checklist1.2 Dorm Room Storage1.2.1 Dorm Room Storage Checklist1.3 Dorm Room Lighting1.3.1 Dorm Room Lighting Checklist1.4 Kitchen for a Dorm Room1.4.1 Dorm Room Kitchen Checklist1.5 Dorm Room Electronics1.5.1 Dorm Room Electronics Checklist1.6 Other Helpful Items for a Dorm Room1.6.1 Dorm Room Miscellaneous Checklist2 College Apartment Checklist3 College School Supplies Checklist4 College Moving ChecklistCollege Dorm ChecklistAs a first step, make sure to disregard any of the beautiful pictures your student sees i n magazines or online. A typical first dorm room doesnt have space for anything too fancy including plush chairs, accent tables, or the like.In most cases, your student will live in a space with dimensions closer to a walk-in closet than an apartment, with just enough room for an extra-long twin bed, a desk, and a chest of drawers. Theyll also be restricted on how things can be attached to the walls, so display shelves are largely out of the question.So, with all of that in mind, here are some tips regarding what they should have in their dorm room and links to affordable options to help speed up your shopping.Dorm Room BedFor most college students, their bed is a refuge, so make it as comfy and cozy as possible. Luckily, since the beds are twins, your student can get high-quality bedding at a reasonable price. However, some universities use extra-large twin beds which require longer sheets so you will want to confirm that before buying anything.When shopping for their dorm, look fo rnatural materialslike cotton and bamboo since they breathe. Additionally, it can be wise to choose a lighter weight comforter and add a throw blanket or two instead of choosing one heavy option.Since your student wont have much control over the ambient temperature, the ability to add or remove layers can be a lifesaver if the space runs hotter or cooler than they prefer. Since the bed will likely be the focal point of their area, let them have fun with the colors and designs, so they can create a space that truly feels like themAnd, while technically not part of the bed, consider grabbing aplush throw rugto put next to the bed.Why would you need a throw rug on a college dorm checklist?Because no one likes putting their feet on a cold floor in the morning!Consider grabbing a set ofbed risersfor their dorm room too. These lift the bed further off the floor, creating extra space underneath. Then, grab some storage bins that will fit into the newly expanded space and, VOILA! Extra Stor age!Dorm Room Bed ChecklistTwin/Twin XL Sheet Set (CottonorFlannel)Twin/Twin XL ComforterPillowsThrow BlanketBed RisersThrow RugMattress PadDorm Room StorageLets face facts;your students dorm room needs storage options. Aside from bins for under the raised bed, you can look at additional containers that may work in the space, or check out theseawesomewire shelves found here.These shelves can be put together in a variety of configurations, making them a smart choice for any space. Plus, the individual cubbies can hold canvas foldable square boxes for an attractive and colorful alternative to open spaces.Alternatively, depending on the size of the dorm room, your student may be able to bring a footlocker or small chest with them, giving them more storage. And, if your student shops around, they can find options that are strong enough to double as benches, adding additional seating for visiting friends and family.Dorm Room Storage ChecklistUnder-Bed Storage BoxesWire ShelvesSmall Chest / Footlocker / Storage OttomanDesk OrganizerOver-the-Door HooksStackable DrawersShoe Organizer / RackDorm Room LightingYour students dorm room is going to come with some basic lighting fixtures, but they may not be ideal in all situations and especially if they have a roommate. With that in mind, it may be smart to bring along anadjustable desk lamp that allows the light to be shifted in different directions. That way, if your student needs to have a late-night study session, but their roommate needs to catch some Zs, they can do so in harmony.Similarly, having a quality set of curtains can give them options to let in or block out the daylight as necessary.Blackout curtainsare designed specifically to stop any light from penetrating through, making it easier to sleep even if the sun is up. Just makesure to use a tension rod when installing them, as they dont require any holes in the walls to stay supported.Dorm Room Lighting ChecklistDesk LampBlackout CurtainsTension RodBook LightK itchen for a Dorm RoomMany college students enjoy having some basic appliances available in their dorm room. But, before you make anypurchases, its critical to check for any restrictions in place. For example, amini fridge andmicrowavemay be no big deal, but items likecoffee makers,toasters,George Forman grills, andhot plates arent allowed in all cases.Your student is also going to need some basic kitchen supplies. Having a fewdishes(ideally non-breakable and microwave safe) and standard eatingutensilscan give them in-room dining options. Other essentials like acan opener,chip clip, andstorage containersare also helpful. There is no reason to spend a lot on these many are thrown out at the end of college anyway.Before your student reviews this college dorm checklist, make sure they check to see what is and isnt allowed. They may find that some items arent permitted in their dorm or that their school is more flexible, placing fewer restrictions on students.Dorm Room Kitchen Checklis tMini FridgeMicrowaveDishesUtensilsCan OpenerChip ClipTrash CanCoffee MugFood Storage Bags or Containers with LidsReusable Water BottleDorm Room ElectronicsIf your student has a laptop and a smartphone, then they have a decent portion of their electronics needs covered in just a couple of devices. However, there are a few other pieces that might be helpful too.For example,noise-cancelling headphonescan allow them to enjoy a movie without having to bother their roommate. And, if there isnt a community printer available, they may need one for printing assignments in their room. If the dorm room comes with basic cable, then a small television may also be appropriate.What each student needs to bring along will vary depending on their needs and preferences. However, here are some items that are always worth considering.Dorm Room Electronics ChecklistLaptopMousePortable SpeakersSmartphoneNoise Canceling HeadphonesPrinterTelevisionGaming ConsolePower StripsUSB Stick / Flash Drive / Memory CardsSpare Phone ChargerOther Helpful Items for a Dorm RoomNot everything your student needs fits easily into a category, so those will be covered here. Items likedoor hangersandsticky hooksfor walls can provide your student with additional storage or display options in their dorm room, all without having to damage wall surfaces.Desktop picture frames can also help brighten up their space and give them a place to keep photos of friends and family members, and adigital picture framecan let them display multiple photos all from a single spot.Your student is also going to need a supply of bathroom items and a method for carrying them to and from the restrooms. A niceshower caddyfilled with their favorite shampoo, conditioner, body wash, and other items can help them have a relaxing experience in an easy to transport package.Also, make sure they have a stronglaundry hamperwith them so they can bring their dirty clothes from the dorm room and to the community laundry space. Otherwise, th eir only option may be to use a pillowcase. And make sure they havehangersif they have a traditional closet, giving them the opportunity to hang their clothes.Dorm Room Miscellaneous ChecklistHangersSticky HooksDigital Picture FrameShower CaddyLaundry HamperTowelsHair Dryer / Straightener / Curling IronSewing KitDry Erase BoardTool Box with Basic ToolsMini VacuumDesk FanFlashlightFirst Aid KitCleaning SuppliesUmbrellaCollege Apartment ChecklistWhile all of the items in the college dorm checklist are great for college apartments too, if your student is living off-campus, there are a few more things that theyll need to bring along.Precisely what your student needs depends on whether the apartment is furnished or unfurnished. With a furnished college apartment, basic furniture is provided. They may also have access to some small kitchen appliances, though this isnt as common.Regardless of the arrangement, your student can use the college apartment checklist below to make sure all of th eir bases are covered. If the items are provided with the apartment, then purchasing them wont be required. Instead, your student can just mark them off as a tracking mechanism.BedChair / Loveseat / SofaSide Tables / Coffee TableDining Table and Chairs or TV TraysPots and PansBaking Sheets / Casserole DishesCoffee PotDesk and ChairBath MatShower Curtain and HooksCollege School Supplies ChecklistWhile each student may need different college school supplies depending on their course load, certain items are essential for nearly everyone. Heres a quick college school supplies checklist that covers the essentials:Binders / FoldersNotebooksPens / PencilsRulerHighlightersAudio Recorder (or Audio Recording App)Backpack / Messenger BagWhite-OutSticky Notes / Sticky TabsScissorsStapler and StaplesPaper Clips / Binder ClipsRubber Bands3 x 5 Index CardsTapeCollege Moving ChecklistOnce your student has everything they need to take with their to their college dorm room or apartment, they need to be able to get that stuff to their new, temporary home. Packing for a move can be daunting. But, with the right supplies, it is much easier to handle.Here is a quick college moving checklist featuring all of the essential moving supplies your student will need:Cardboard Boxes / Plastic Bins (various sizes)Packing TapePermanent Markers or Sticker Labels (for labeling boxes)Colored Dot Stickers (for color coding rooms or categories)Bubble Wrap / Packing MaterialsScissors / Box CutterAs your student packs, make sure they are realistic about what will and wont fit into their dorm room or college apartment. When in doubt, err on the side of caution and scale back. If it turns out their dorm room or apartment is bigger than they pictured, you can always mail additional items to them once they settle into the space.

Symbolic Imagery In The Matrix By Larry And Andy Wachowski

Introduction As stated by Goodale, any repetitive elements or imagery in writing has a symbolic significance (2007, p. 56). For instance, most authors use repeated imagery in order to produce the aspect of mood or impression. Similarly, from the reading â€Å"The Matrix† by Larry and Andy Wachowski, we can recognize this aspect of recurrent imagery, which seems to have achieved a significant purpose in the text. This script was written in 1998, however, it still remains relevant today due to its visionary approach of orchestrating events and symbolic references (Crystal, 2004, p. 66). In the beginning of the script, we see the authors state, â€Å"a blinding cursor pulses in the electric darkness like a heart coursing with phosphorous light,†¦show more content†¦In both cases, this is seen through the train and Agent Smith. Secondly, the colour back is mentioned numerously throughout the text. The rear hull is punched full of holes and smoke and oil pour out like bla ck blood. Neo hears the helicopter begin to die (Larry and Wachowski, p.107). The colour black is alluding to secrecy and death as the helicopter begins to malfunction. A black sedan with tinted windows glides in police cruisers. Agent smith, agent brown, jones get out of the car. They wear dark suits and sunglasses even at are also always hardwired; small Secret Service earphones in one ear, the cord coiling back into their shirt collars (Larry and Wachowski, p.03). The secret service is known to where black in order to preserve their identity. However, it is odd to wear sunglasses, even during the night. The removal of the sunglasses contradictorily indicates both protection and crisis. Morpheus opens his hands. In the right is a red pill. In the left, a blue pill.This is your last chance. After this, there is no going back. You take the blue pill and the story ends. You wake in your bed and you believe whatever you want to believe. The pills in his open hands are reflected in. Yo u take the red pill and you stay in Wonderland and I show you how deep the rabbit-hole goes (Larry and Wachowski, p.29). Neo is put in a dilemma and has to choose whether or not he wants everything to be over. Neo raises his hands and the bullets, like a cloud of obedient bees, slowShow MoreRelatedThe Wasteland and The Matrix Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesGone were the days where most were familiar with the works of the greats. The Wachowski Brothers’ film, The Matrix, deals with similar themes as The Wasteland . The science fiction film set in world that has been taken over by machines and centers around the plight of unsuspecting hero, Neo and other who have been freed from the computer simulated reality of The Matrix. Both worlds of â€Å"The Wasteland† and The Matrix center around the struggles the inner self faces when modern society no longer

Are Those Gases Dangerous - 1541 Words

Are those gases dangerous? We wouldn’t know, but at this point the Earth is just looking after itself by getting rid of the most oil it can and putting it into our atmosphere. A few percentages more sink to the bottom of the ocean along with some sediment and are deposited along the ocean floor where it will continue to affect wildlife populations feeding in that area for generations. Not to forget, more oil is to be lost on migrating populations as they flee from the thick gunk left in their homes or from their food sources (Rodenberg, 2010). In reality, the company is able to collect only a fraction, about ten to fifteen percent (Seed, 1992) of the 11 million gallons dumped into the Alaskan Gulf so should the ocean be repaid in reparations for this war on its ecological communities? If you’re still confused on how badly these communities are affected, let me explain. Hundreds of thousands of organisms died in response to the oil dump as a result of consuming, residing in, or consuming other animals with oil in their bodies (Robards, 2014 ). People tend not to realize how badly pollution affects animals and ecosystems around the world, but this form of water pollution definitely took a toll on too many ecosystems to be dismissed. The aquatic animals living in that region of the pacific have no escape from the oil; they don’t know how to live in any other climate as they have grown accustomed to the cold and semi-freezing waters in the Gulf of Alaska. Almost every single seaShow MoreRelatedNo Fracking in California820 Words   |  3 PagesExample, stove cooktops, heaters, and cars are all powered by natural gases. But unfortunately, there are many dangers and risk factors to fracking which can harm the Earth’s environment. 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But just like any good thing, too much of it could be dangerous. Greenhouse gases acts as a blanket that is wrapped around the earth. This traps energy in the atmosphere and the energy is then heated up by the sun’s rays. Because of this, another phen omenon has come to be. It is known as global warming. Global warmingRead MoreTypes Of Punishments That Comes With The Death Penalty918 Words   |  4 Pagesout , there are about eight ounces of potassium cyanide which is dropped into the pan . This gas is similar to carbon monoxide it is colorless and has no smell but very dangerous to the human body. When you combine these two gases they creates a hydrocyanic gas. These fumes are highly dangerous to the human body, when the gases are mixed together and it is inhaled by the prisoners it makes them lose their sight of fresh air . In the article â€Å"Types of Executions† it explain how an inmate of the

The Genetic Control Of Early Embryonic Development

In 1995, Wieschaus, Nusslein-Vollard and Lewis were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for their work in the field of developmental genetics. What did they do, and why were they awarded the Nobel Prize? Introduction In 1995, the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine was shared between three scientists - Christiane Nà ¼sslein-Volhard, Eric Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis, for their work which focused on â€Å"the genetic control of early embryonic development† (1). This essay will discuss the discoveries of each of these three scientists, and the wider implications of their work – implications that made them worthy of the Nobel Prize. The Research of Christiane Nà ¼sslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus In the late seventies, Christiane Nà ¼sslein-Volhard†¦show more content†¦2014)) (5). Drosophila is a commonly used ‘model organism’ in animal biology and genetics, partially because they have a short life cycle (6) and a newly fertilised egg can develop in around ten days (Figure 1). In their study, published in Nature in 1980, Nà ¼sslein-Volhard and Wieschaus describe mutations found in the offspring of females treated with mutagens (7). They describe mutations found on the first, second and third chromosomes – 15 loci in total (4). These mutations were put into three groups, depending on their effects on Drosophila development (4). These categories were: †¢ Segment polarity genes – control the development of individual segments. †¢ Pair-rule genes – control the development of repeating segments – i.e. every other segment. †¢ Gap genes – control development along the antero-posterior axis (4). Each one of these categories represent a different stage of development – from gap genes in early development to segment polarity genes in later embryonic development (7). The Research of Edward B. Lewis Edward B. Lewis began his research into Drosophila genetics in the thirties, when he was still in high school. Along with his friend Edward Novitski, he had studied Drosophila after school had finished for the day. During his undergraduate education studying biostatistics at the University of Minnesota (8), Lewis studied the Drosophila mutant ‘rough-eye’ and ‘Star’ (S) (8). Following

The Effects Of Jet Lag, Artificial Air During Pressurized...

Hopping in and out of planes is exercise enough, you say. But that s not the kind of exercise that will condition your heart, make your reflexes and joints more fluid, keep the sugar levels or keep you from swinging from one mood to another! Nor is it the kind of exercise that will make you euphoric after a good cardiovascular session. You need to counteract the effects of jet lag, artificial air in pressurized aircraft cabins and sky fatigue. Suzanne Schlosberg says, Sometimes your travels help you recognize how humdrum your workout routine has become. At home, it s easy to fall into a rut - to use the same weight machines in the same order, week after week, month after month, simply out of habit. But a trip may take the routine out of your routine. You may have no choice but to try new strength exercises or jog in the pool instead of swim laps. And you might find these new pursuits so enjoyable that you add them to your fitness repertoire at home. Common Obstacles What are some of the reasons why travelers do not incorporate exercise while they re on the road? They re stressed or too tired They don t feel comfortable about working out in unfamiliar surroundings They don t have access to a hotel gym But if they made just a tiny effort to change this thinking, they d be on the road to fitness sooner. Engaging in exercise allows you to get out of that bubble of meetings, seminars and tours. Walk when on the Road When traveling, have a pair of goodShow MoreRelatedCfi Oral Plan of Action17474 Words   |  70 PagesDocuments Airworthiness Requirements Weather Information IFR Cross-Country Flight Planning National Airspace Technical Subject Areas Regulations and Publications Operations of Systems Aeromedical Aircraft Systems, Flight Instruments, and Navigational equipment Instrument Cockpit Check Air Traffic Control Clearances Lost Communications Schedule: FOI 0:15 Review 0:45 Technical subject areas 1:00 Equipment: Dry erase board, markers, Pilot Operating Handbook (POH),

A Passage to India Culture Clash Free Essays

CONTEXT British context ?Forster was a British writer and most of his readers were British. His work reflects also England and the period in which Forster lived and wrote. He is commonly regarded as an Edwardian novelist, because his first four novels were published during the reign of King Edward VII (1901-1910); in this period his values and outlook were developed. We will write a custom essay sample on A Passage to India: Culture Clash or any similar topic only for you Order Now ?England had undergone the traumatic experience of the First World War; more than 750000 soldiers were killed, along with another million from other parts of British Empire. Between 1912 and 1924, the British policy had also changed: there were two main parties, the Liberal and the Conservative. ?British Empire was changing. The change was more evident in Ireland. Ireland gained the indipendence in 1921. KEY POINTS ?FULL TITLE: â€Å"A Passage to India† ?AUTHOR: Edward Morgan Forster ?TYPE OF WORK: Novel ?TIME AND PLACE WRITTEN: 1912-1924 England ?DATE OF FIRST PUBLICATION: 1924 ?TENSE: Past ?THEMES: Culture Clash; Friendship; Ambiguity; Religion ?CHARACTERS: Dr Aziz, Mr Fielding, Adela Quested, Mrs. Moore, Ronny Healsop ? SETTING ( TIME ): 1910s or 1920s SETTING ( PLACE ): India, specifically the cities of Chandrapore and Mau. Carico†¦ CHARACTERS Dr Aziz ?Is the central Indian character in the novel. ?He works at the government hospital in Chandrapore. ?He writes poetry and his favorite poetic themes are: the Decay of Islam and the brevity of Love. ?He’s described as a true â€Å"Oriental† person. ?He’s very goodwill and his impulsive nature get him into situations that cause him trouble. ?Like many of his friends prefers to communicte throught confidences, underlying words and indirect speech ? Like many other Indians struggles with the problem of the English in India. CHARACTERS Mr Fielding ?The principal of the Government College (that is, a British? run school) in Chandrapore. ?He has â€Å"no racial feelingâ€Å". ?He’s far and away most the successful at developing relationships with native Indians. ?He’s less comfortable in teacher – student interaction than he is in one -on- one conversation with another individual ? Serves as Forster’s model of liberal humanism. ?At the and of the novel Forster seems to identify with Fielding less. CHARACTERS Adela Quested ?Her character develops in parallel to Mrs Moore’s one ?She’s an individual and educated free thinker Adela hopes to see the â€Å"real India† ?She puts her mind to the task, but not her heart and therfore never connects with Indians. CHARACTERS Mrs. Moore ?Mrs. Moore serves a double function in â€Å"A Passage to India† ? She’s initially a literal character. ?She becomes more a symbolic presence. ?The solution to the proble m in India. ?Her name becomes more associeted with Hinduism ?She’s the heroine of the novel CHARACTERS Ronny Heaslop ?Forster ‘s emphasis is on the change that happened, when Ronny first arrived in India. ?Ronny’s character is a sort of case, an exploration of the restrictions of English colonial. Ronny’s tastes, opinions and even his manner of speaking are no longer his own, but those of older, ostensibly wiser British Indian officials. ?Clash with both Adela and his mother, Mrs. Moore. CHARACTERS There are also some characters that are less important that the previous and are: ? Mahmoud Ali: a Moslem and a close friend of Dr Aziz. ?Major Callender: the head of the government hospital in Chandrapore. ?Professor Godbole: an Indian who teaches at the college of Chandrapore. ?Hamidullah: a Moslem, educated at Cambridge University. ?Mr. McBride: the district superintendent of police in Chadrapore. Carico†¦ DEEPENING ON FEMALE CHARACTERS ?Adela Quested ?A young Englishwoman who comes to India With Mrs. Moore. ?She is expected to marry Mrs. Moore’s son Ronny Heaslop. ?Her behavior radically affects the lives of the characters around her. ?On a symbolic level, Adela may also represent most people’s inability to communicate or to understand the deeper patterns and meaning of life. While she is at Fielding’s tea party, she remarks that she is not planning to stay long in India. ?She breaks off her engagement with Ronny and stays with Fielding for a while before leaving India and returning to England. She does not reappear after this. DEEPENING ON FEMALE CHARACTERS ?Mrs. Moore. ?She is the most sensitive and reflective of the English characters. ? An elderly widow, she is the mother of Ronny Heaslop, She also has another son, Ralph, and a daughter, Stella, by her second marriage. ?Mrs. Moore is introduced in Chapter two when she meets Dr. Aziz in the mosque in Chandrapore. Her they talk, and a friendship develops: Aziz is happy to have met an English person who is sympathetic toward him and India, while Mrs. Moore finds Aziz charming, intelligent, and interesting. ?In the meantime, Mrs. Moore argues with Ronny and when it becomes clear that Ronny and Adela will not marry, Mrs. Moore realizes that her duties there were evidently finished. She doesn’t want to see India; Mrs. Moore has lost interest in the trip. For her, the echo’s message is â€Å"Everything exists, nothing has value. † Shortly thereafter? just before Aziz’s trial? she leaves India; we later learn that she has died on the voyage back to England However, her presence continues to be felt after her death. ?At the end of the novel, the spirit of Mrs. Moore returns to India symbolically in the form of her daughter Stella, who has married Mr. Fielding. THEMES Culture Clash ?The clash between two differents cultures, those of the east and those of the West. ?The West is represented by the Anglo – Indians in Chandrapore. ?Their social life centers around the Chandrapore Club. ?They have no desire to â€Å"understand† India or Indians. ?The East is represented by the Indians. ?We have a clash also between two distinct group of Indian: Moslems and Hindus. ?â€Å"Hindus have no idea of society†. THEMES Friendship ?Is one of the most important things in life. ?There are many friendships : 1. Dr Aziz and his friends Hamidullah and Mahmoud Ali . Dr Aziz and Mrs. Moore 3. Aziz has a curious friendship with Professor Godbole. 4. British and Indians ?Impersonal forces at work in India will not yet allow the friendship between English and Indians. THEMES Ambiguity ?â€Å"A Passage to India† is full of ambiguity. ?In chapter 7 are introduced two terms that are repeated several times througthout the novel: à ¢â‚¬Å"mistery† and â€Å"muddle†. ?Doubt and ambiguity surround two different events in the book that occur at the Marabar Caves: 1. Those of Adela. 2. Those of Mrs. Moore. THEMES Religion ?Religion is the major preoccupation in the book. The three parts of the book; Mosque – Cave and Temple, generally correspond to these religions: 1. Aziz loves the cultural aspects of his Islamic heritage. 2. The Anglo – Indians are spokemen of Christianity 3. Professor Godbole is the central Hindu figure in the book. His belief is the most representative of the true spirit of India. STYLE ?â€Å"A Passage to India† is written in the third person, with an impersonal narrative voice. ?The narrator is apparently omniscent. ?The narrative focus shifts from a description of external events and enters the consciousness of one character or another. At the same time, however, the narrative withholds a full explanation of certain events, most notably the misadventures tha t befall Mrs. Moore and Adela Quested at the Marabar Caves. Indeed, in recounting these details, the narrator is ambiguous rather than omniscient. STRUCTURE ?â€Å"A Passage to India† is divided into three parts or sections: 1. Part 1 , titeld â€Å"Mosque†, takes place during the cool, dry season. 2. Part 2, titeld â€Å" Caves†, takes place during the hot season. 3. Part 3, titled, â€Å"Temples†, takes place during the rain season. ?Part 3 is the shortest of the three sections of the novel and might be considered as an epilogue. SETTINGS ?Chandrapore and in the Marabar Caves ?Within the town itself the author identifies several settings: 1. Civil Station 2. Chandrapore Club 3. Public places ?The third section is set in the town of Mau, a Hindu state several miles from Chandrapore. SETTINGS Although Forster uses poetic license in naming places, the settings correspond to real places in India. The novel’s main city, Chandrapore, is actually based on the Indian suburb Bankipore, part of the city of Patna in the northern region of Bihar. The invented name, however, is not so far fetched. Forster probably chose this city for its different representation of India: its culture, history, and nature are all noteworthy. The town of Mau, is an example of an Indian hill station, a retreat from Indian plains that offers a serene place of beauty to both tourists and natives. The Marabar Caves about which Aziz knows so little are based on the Jain Temples on the Barabar Hills, once considered a retreat for Jain monks. The most impressive of the four caves on the Barabar Hills is Loma Rishi. The three other caves on the Barabar Hill are Sudama), Karnachopar, and Visvajhopri. SYMBOL ?The most obvious symbols are mosque and cave. Both for Aziz and Mrs. Moore, the mosque is a symbol of refuge and peace, a sanctuary. The first meeting of Aziz and Mrs. Moore takes place in the mosque at night, under the moonlight. Mrs. Moore has gone to the mosque because she is bored with the play she has been attending at the Chandrapore club. ?The mosque, is a symbol of the â€Å"real† India. ?The cave bears some resemblance to the mosque, in that both are closed spaces. Here, however, the resemblance ends. The cave is dark, featureless, and menacing. Although there are many caves at Marabar, it is impossible to distinguish one from another; they are all alike. We don’t know the real meaning of this symbol but It is at least certain that whatever else they might suggest, they stand for misunderstanding and meaninglessness, or what Mrs. Moore calls â€Å"muddle. † THE UNCERTAINTY IN THE CENTRAL EPISODE. ?One of the most unique aspects of Forster’s novel is the uncertainty, the sense of not defined, which is focused on the central episode of the book: the alleged attempted rape in Marabar caves. In fact, the writer says nothing about what actually happened in the caves; in the novel there is a contrast between the before and the after that leaves the door open to interpretation. Forster himself said so very ambiguous, â€Å"In the caves there is, a man an hallucination or the supernatural. If I say it becomes whatever the answer, a different book. â€Å" ? This uncertainty is also present in the film: between the before and the after there’s a sharp cut that the viewer can interpret as he wishes, by carefully observing the scene we can feeling that Aziz is actually entered the cave with Adela but we aren’t sure of what he did. EXTRAS Islam Hinduism In Islam, belief in one God is the most important belief. Their God is called ALLAH, the Almighty, Creator and Sustainer of the universe, who is similar to nothing and nothing is comparable to Him Hinduism is commonly percived as a politheistic religion. Indeed, most Hindus would attest to this, by proffessing belif in multiple Gods. Islam exhorts man to consider himself and his surroundings as examples of Divine Creation. The trees belongs to God, The sun belongs to God†¦ The mayor differences between the Hindu and the Muslim perception of God is the common Hindus’ belif in the philosofy of Pantheism. The common Hindu considers everything as God. The major difference between the Hindu and Muslim belifs is the difference of the apostrophe â€Å"s† Hinduism has a caste system, with four major castes. Members of each are required by strict religious laws to follow hereditary occupations and to refrain from intermarriage or eating with members of another castes. The highest or priestly and intellectual caste is that of Brahmans,. The remain three are: Kshatriya (warrior caste), Vaisya (agricultural caste) and Sudras ( the low caste) In Islam, all humans are created equal, infact Islam rejects characterizing God as favoring certain individuals or nations. Everyone may distinguish himself and get His favour through virtue and piety. Cow is a sacred animal. Cows can’t be killed or eaten Muslims belive that each person has a body and a soul. Your faith and actions in this life will determine your fate in the life after Death. Hiduists believe in body and soul. Your soul returns to your body after death. Your status of caste in next life depends on your deeds in the previous life. How to cite A Passage to India: Culture Clash, Essay examples